Theme 5 Environment, Ecology

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Climate for a Transport Change - EEA Report No 1/2008 TERM 2007: Indicators tracking transport and environment in the European Union Catalogue number: TH-AL-08-001-EN-C ISBN: 9789291671175 Pagination: 52 Dimensions: 21 x 29.7cm Release Date: 10 Oct 2007 Published by: EEA (European Environment Agency) This report represents a summary of selected issues from the European Environment Agency Transport and Environment Reporting Mechanism (EEA TERM) set of transport and environment indicators. The object of this report is to indicate some of the main challenges to reducing the environmental impacts of transport and to make suggestions to improve the environmental performance of the transport system as a whole. Price:£12.00

The Pan-European Environment : glimpses into an uncertain future - EEA Report No 4/2007 Catalogue number: TH-AL-07-004-EN-C ISBN: 9789291679676 Pagination: 76 Dimensions: 21 x 29.7cm Release Date: 10 Oct 2007 Published by: EEA (European Environment Agency) / OPOCE (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities) This report aims to contribute to the discussion about plausible future developments relevant to the wider European region and to stimulate medium to long-term thinking in policy-making circles. It does so by sketching some of the key environmental concerns for the pan-European region based on the EEA's Europe's environment - The fourth assessment, and by highlighting some of the many uncertainties the future holds. Price:£12.00

Sustainable consumption and production in South East Europe and Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia Joint UNEP-EEA report on the opportunities and lessons learned Catalogue number: TH-AL-07-003-EN-C ISBN: 9879291679652 Pagination: 184 Dimensions: 21 x 29.7cm Release Date: 11 Oct 2007 Published by: EEA (European Environment Agency), OPOCE (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities), UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) This report reviews the development of sustainable consumption and production (SCP) policies and the progress in implementation in the countries of South East Europe (SEE) and Eastern Europe the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA). The report provides detailed information and a review of SCP initiatives in key production-consumption areas - industry, food, buildings, transport, and waste. The goal of the report is to identify opportunities for and barriers to more sustainable consumption and production, and to highlight relevant experience which could be replicated throughout the region. The following countries are covered: SEE: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia; and EECCA: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The analysis is illustrated by examples of implementation of SCP initiatives at local level drawing on 18 city studies carried out for this report. Cities have acted as potential catalysts for change as shown by a large number of local sustainability initiatives. Many SEE and EECCA countries face similar problems and there is large potential to share knowledge and experiences and work towards a common path to sustainability. This report was jointly prepared by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the European Environment Agency (EEA) for the Sixth Ministerial Conference 'Environment for Europe' held in Belgrade in October 2007. Price:£20.00

Air Polution in Europe 1990-2004 - EEA Report No 2/2007 Catalogue number: TH-AL-07-002-EN-C ISBN: 9789291679645 Pagination: 79 Dimensions: 21 x 29.7cm Published: 13 Nov 2007 The report 'Air pollution in Europe 1990-2004' analyses changes in air pollutant emissions and their possible health or ecosystem impacts in Europe. The report covers the period 1990-2004. In the 32 EEA member countries measured concentrations of particulate matter and ozone in the air have not shown any improvement since 1997, despite a decrease in emissions. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is now generally recognised to be the main threat to human health from air pollution. As sulphur emissions have fallen, ammonia emitted from agricultural activity and nitrogen oxides from combustion processes have become the predominant acidifying and eutrophying agents affecting ecosystems. Price:£20.00

Europe's environment: The fourth assessment Cat. No: TH-78-07-127-EN-C ISBN: 9789291679324 Pagination:452 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2007 Author: European Environment Agency - European Union (EU) Publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 'Europe's Environment: The Fourth Assessment' underlines the changes that have occurred in the environment and socio-economic context to help explain many of the environmental trends that have been observed. New threats, which challenge piecemeal solutions and call for integrated strategic measures at European and global levels, are described. Threats include: persistent chemicals in the environment; biodiversity loss; sustainable production and consumption; and climate change. A new overview is also given of the state of European marine areas and inland seas. Price:£36.00

Using the market for cost-effective environmental policy — Market-based instruments in Europe — EEA Report No 1/2006 Cat. No: TH-AL-06-001-EN-C ISBN: 9291678104 Pagination:44 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 This report presents an assessment of the main and most recent developments in the use of market-based instruments in European environmental policy. The report covers a range of instruments which are used as tools to achieve environmental objectives. These instruments include environmental taxes, charges and deposit-refund systems, environmental tax reform, emissions trading schemes, subsidies, and liability and compensation requirements. The report finds a steadily growing application of market-based instruments across Europe. It also identifies the need for cost-effective policy measures in order to make authorities more aware of the advantages of implementing MBIs. The report ‘Market-based instruments for environmental policy in Europe’ is a longer version of this report. Price:£10.50

Integration of environment into EU agriculture policy — The IRENA indicator-based assessment report — EEA Report No 2/2006 Cat. No: TH-AL-05-011-EN-C ISBN: 9291677752 Pagination:60 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 This report aims to provide a fair reflection of the progress, the achievements and obstacles in the integration of environmental concerns into EU agriculture policy, based on indicators developed in the IRENA operation. It also tackles limitations to successful policy implementation at Member State level and challenges ahead. Policy examples from some Member States aim to show good practice in agri-environmental policy implementation or design. Due to the scope of the IRENA operation the analysis focuses on the EU-15 Member States. Price:£10.00

Progress towards halting the loss of biodiversity by 2010 — EEA Report No 5/2006 Cat. No: TH-AL-06-004-EN-C ISBN: 9291678465 Pagination:100 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 The continuing loss of biological diversity and its components, genes, species and ecosystems, is an issue of global concern. As a consequence, the conservation of biodiversity is one of the four main issues to be tackled, together with climate change, environment and health and quality of life, and natural resources and waste. Price:£10.00

Transport and environment: facing a dilemma — EEA Report No 3/2006 Cat. No: TH-AL-06-002-EN-C ISBN: 9291678112 Pagination:52 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 TERM 2005: indicators tracking transport and environment in the European Union This report represents a summary of 10 selected issues from the EEA’s TERM (transport and environment reporting mechanism) set of transport and environment integration indicators. The objective is to indicate some of the main challenges to reducing the environmental impacts of transport, and to make suggestions for improving the environmental performance of the transport system as a whole. The report examines 10 key issues which need to be addressed in the coming years. These issues are derived from seven policy questions that form the backbone of TERM. As with previous TERM reports, this report evaluates the indicator trends in terms of progress towards existing objectives and targets. This is carried out using EU policy documents and various transport and environmental directives. Price:£10.00

Priority issues in the Mediterranean environment — EEA Report No 4/2006 Cat. No: TH-AL-05-006-EN-1 ISBN: 9291678120 Pagination:92 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 The report does not attempt to give an overall state of the Mediterranean marine environment but addresses in more detail some emerging issues in the Mediterranean region. These issues are of main concern to the sustainable ecosystem approach and have been recognised as such in previous EEA reports (1992 and 2002). They include: biological invasions unsustainable fisheries and aquaculture harmful algal blooms and natural hazards and ecological quality status. Price:£10.00

Urban sprawl in Europe — The ignored challenge — EEA Report No 10/2006 Cat. No: TH-AL-06-008-EN-C ISBN: 9291678872 Pagination:56 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 Europe is a fascinating and diverse continent, one of the most urbanised on earth. Today, approximately 75 % of the European population live in urban areas, while still enjoying access to extensive natural or semi-natural landscapes. The urban future of Europe is a matter of great concern. Price:£10.00

The changing faces of Europe’s coastal areas — EEA Report No 6/2006 Cat. No: TH-AL-06-003-EN-C ISBN: 9291678422 Pagination:107 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 This report provides information on the state of the environment in the coastal areas of Europe, and provides evidence of the need for a more integrated, long-term approach. Since 1995, concern about the state of Europe’s coastline has led to a number of EU initiatives which build on the concept of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). ICZM attempts to balance the needs of development with protection of the very resources that sustain coastal economies. It also takes into account the public’s concern about the deteriorating environmental, socio-economic and cultural state of the European coastline. Price:£10.00

How much bioenergy can Europe produce without harming the environment? — EEA Report No 7/2006 Cat. No: TH-AL-06-005-EN-C ISBN: 929167849X Pagination:67 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 Increasing the use of renewable energies offers significant opportunities for Europe to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and secure its energy supply. However, the substantial rise in the use of biomass from agriculture, forestry and waste for producing energy might put additional pressure on farmland and forest biodiversity as well as on soil and water resources. It may also counteract other current and potential future environmental policies and objectives, such as waste minimisation or environmentally oriented farming. Price:£10.00

Energy and environment in the European Union — Tracking progress towards integration — EEA Report No 8/2006 Cat. No: TH-AL-06-006-EN-C ISBN: 9291678775 Pagination:52 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 This report analyses trends in the environmental pressures of energy production and consumption, and the underlying societal drivers. Energy gives personal comfort and mobility to people. However, it also places considerable pressures on the environment, such as emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. EU policy thus aims at integrating environmental requirements within the energy sector. This report measures the progress towards such integration between 1990 and 2003. It builds on a set of EEA energy and environment indicators and related EEA core set indicators. Price:£10.00

Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2006 — EEA Report No 9/2006 Cat. No: TH-AL-06-007-EN-C ISBN: 9291678856 Pagination:56 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 Europe is a fascinating and diverse continent, one of the most urbanised on earth. Today, approximately 75 % of the European population live in urban areas, while still enjoying access to extensive natural or semi-natural landscapes. The urban future of Europe is a matter of great concern. Price:£10.00

Land accounts for Europe 1990–2000 — EEA Report No 11/2006 Cat. No: TH-AL-06-009-EN-C ISBN: 9291678880 Pagination:107 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 An understanding of the implications of changes in land cover and land use is a fundamental part of planning for sustainable development. On the one hand, the transformation of land cover and land use by human action can affect the integrity of natural resource systems and the output of ecosystem goods and services. On the other, by careful planning, the development of new patterns of land cover and use can enhance the well-being of people. Price:£10.13

The European environment — State and outlook 2005 Cat. No: TH-71-05-360-EN-C ISBN: 9291677760 Pagination:576 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2005 This is the third state and outlook report on the European environment produced by the European Environment Agency (EEA) since 1994. Looking back, the previous report, published in 1999, concluded that, despite 25 years of Community environmental policy, environmental quality in the European Union (EU) was mixed and that the unsustainable development of some key economic sectors was the major barrier to further improvements. That remains the EEA’s key conclusion, despite significant progress on some issues demonstrating that environmental policy works. Were we to fast-forward to the year 2010, it would be my strong hope that in its next state and outlook report, the EEA would be able to report significant environmental improvements, not least as a result of reversing unsustainable trends in sectors such as energy, agriculture and transport. Price:£39.00

Implementation of the landfill directive at regional and local level Cat. No: QG-73-06-744-EN-C ISBN: 92989503777 Pagination:200 pages Dimensions: 16 × 23 cm Published:2006 The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the state of implementation of the Landfill Directive in Member States, and its major problems and successes, as experienced by regional and local authorities, taking into account each Member State’s individual means of implementation. It focuses particularly on the governance aspects of the implementation process and studies the financial and environmental impact of the landfill directive at regional and local level. The study confirms that waste policy is a multilevel policy, and must therefore consider the involvement of all levels of government from its conception down to its concrete application Price:£18.00

Climate change and a European low-carbon energy system — EEA Report No 1/2005 Cat. No: TH-68-05-260-EN-C ISBN: 9291677655 Pagination:76 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2005 ISSN 1725-9177 This report presents an assessment of possible greenhouse gas emission reduction pathways made feasible by global action and a transition to a low-carbon energy system in Europe by 2030. It analyses trends and projections for emissions of greenhouse gases and the development of underlying trends in the energy sector. It also describes the actions that could bring about the transition to a low-carbon energy system in the most cost-effective way. Price:£10.50

Effectiveness of urban wastewater treatment policies in selected countries: an EEA pilot study — EEA Report No 2/2005 Cat. No: TH-AL-05-002-EN-C ISBN: 9291677639 Pagination:51 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2005 ISSN 1725-9177 Water pollution caused by wastewater persists despite three decades of effort to clean up European surface waters and despite the requirements of the urban wastewater treatment directive (UWWTD). Several EU Member States have yet to satisfy the requirements of the directive. A European Commission report released in 2004 noted that several countries had failed to designate sensitive areas and were behind schedule in establishing the capacity of sewage treatment as required by the directive deadlines in 1998 and 2000. As the next deadline approaches at the end of 2005 for extending sewage treatment to urban areas with more than 2 000 inhabitants, the EEA has acknowledged the need to improve our understanding of the inherent implementation problem. Price:£10.50

Effectiveness of packaging waste management systems in selected countries: an EEA pilot study — EEA Report No 3/2005 Cat. No: TH-AL-05-001-EN-C ISBN: 9291677620 Pagination:91 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2005 ISSN 1725-9177 Packaging waste is an important and growing waste stream. The amended packaging and packaging waste directive has recently been adopted, and work is under way to develop EU thematic strategies on waste prevention and recycling and on the sustainable use and management of natural resources. The packaging and packaging waste directive is one of the few environmentally related directives to contain directly measurable, quantitative targets. It has now been in place for 10 years and this is an opportune time to take stock of this important policy area. The EEA has conducted a pilot study of the effectiveness of packaging waste management systems in five EU Member States with the aim of gaining practical and concrete experience of ex post policy effectiveness evaluation, and to track progress in this policy area. Price:£10.50

European environment outlook — EEA Report No 4/2005 Cat. No: TH-AL-05-004-EN-C ISBN: 9291677698 Pagination:87 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2005 ISSN 1725-9177 Protecting our environment is a key element in ensuring sustainable livelihoods for today’s and future generations. Indeed, the most recent Eurobarometer surveys show that, as Europeans, we regard the protection of our environment to be one of the six key priorities for the European Union. Issues of particular concern are water and air pollution, man-made disasters, and climate change. In addition, new challenges arising from diffuse sources of pollution, changing consumption patterns and the possibility of sudden extreme environmental changes all need to be addressed. Price:£10.50

Agriculture and environment in EU-15 — The IRENA indicator report — EEA Report No 6/2005 Cat. No: TH-AL-05-008-EN-C ISBN: 9291677795 Pagination:128 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2005 ISSN 1725-9177 This report provides an assessment of the progress made in the development and the interpretation of the agri-environmental indicators identified in COM(2000) 20 during the IRENA operation. The report builds on more than 35 detailed indicator factsheets that can be found on the IRENA website (http://www.eea.europa.eu/projects/irena/products). Price:£18.00

Source apportionment of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs into the aquatic environment — EEA Report No 7/2005 Cat. No: TH-AL-05-007-EN-C ISBN: 9291677779 Pagination:48 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2005 ISSN 1725-9177 Eutrophication is the excessive enrichment of waters with nutrients and the associated adverse biological effects, and it is still one of the major environmental problems across Europe. European waters are affected across the whole range from inland water bodies such as groundwater, rivers and lakes, to transitional and coastal waters and ecosystems in open seas. Eutrophication is caused by large anthropogenic inputs of the nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to the aquatic environment from a range of societal sectors. Price:£10.00

Sustainable use and management of natural resources — EEA Report No 9/2005 Cat. No: TH-AL-05-005-EN-C ISBN: 9291677701 Pagination:68 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 This report focuses on our ability to continue to provide for our needs by drawing on the natural world. Given the broad coverage of the term ‘natural resources’, a decision was made at the outset to focus the analysis on a selection of natural resources: fisheries, forestry, water, fossil fuels, metals and construction minerals, and land use. The factors behind this choice included ensuring a mix of renewable and non-renewable resources, the policy relevance and political importance of the resources, and the ability to illustrate the various policy approaches. Price:£10.00

Environment and health — EEA Report No 10/2005 Cat. No: TH-AL-05-010-EN-C ISBN: 9291677817 Pagination:35 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 Public concerns, evidence from research and increasing scientific knowledge are all driving widespread discussions on environment and health problems. The issue of environment and health is characterised by multi-causality with different strengths of association. This means that the links between exposures and their health consequences depend on the environmental pollutants and diseases being considered, but are also influenced by factors such as genetic constitution, age, nutrition and lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors such as poverty and level of education Price:£10.00

Household consumption and the environment — EEA Report No 11/2005 Cat. No: TH-AL-05-003-EN-C ISBN: 929167768X Pagination:68 pages Dimensions: 21 × 29.7 cm Published:2006 ISSN 1725-9177 A renewed policy focus on sustainable consumption and production (SCP) can be observed, both at the global level and in Europe. With an aim to provide input for European policymaking, this report analyses the environmental effects of household consumption in Europe. We have identified four consumption categories that form a major part of our total consumption expenditure and for which the environmental effects are either large or increasing rapidly. These are consumption of food and drink, housing, personal travel and mobility, and tourism. The negative environmental effects of our consumption not only occur in Europe but also in other regions of the world, mainly as a result of resource extraction, production, processing and transportation of the goods we consume in Europe, and as a result of our personal travel and tourist activities. Attaining more sustainable consumption and production patterns is a common challenge that involves all actors, including public authorities at all levels, business and consumers. Price:£10.00

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